X-Nico

100 unusual facts about Birmingham


Agyenim Boateng

He worked as an Assistant Professor in Alabama State University in Montgomery, Alabama and also at Daniel Payne College in Birmingham, Alabama where he served as Assistant Professor of Political and Social Science.

Alabama Democratic primary, 2008

He also performed extremely well in the urban areas of Birmingham, Montgomery, and Mobile.

Alan Culpepper

After taking 2003 off from marathons, Culpepper ran his second at the U.S. Olympic Trials in Birmingham, Alabama.

Albert Enstone

Albert James Enstone was the second son of Thomas and Flora Enstone of Edgbaston, Birmingham, England.

Allene Roberts

Allene Roberts (born September 1, 1928) was born in Fairfield Highlands, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama.

Argent Centre

The Argent Centre is a Grade II* listed building on the corner of Frederick Street and Legge Road in the Jewellery Quarter of Birmingham, England.

Arthur Blyth

His formative years were spent in Birmingham, England and he was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, and arrived with his parents in South Australia in 1839 on the "Ariadne" at the age of 16.

Arthur Pentelow

He later went on to work in repertory theatre at the Bristol Old Vic, Guildford and Northampton, before joining the company at Birmingham, where his fellow actors included Derek Jacobi, Rosemary Leach and Albert Finney.

Birmingham Humanists

Birmingham Humanist Group was formed on May 23, 1962 at the Arden Hotel, New Street, Birmingham, England, as a result of a notice placed in a newsletter of the Ethical Union, forerunner of the British Humanist Association (BHA), by Dr Anthony Brierley.

Birmingham School of Acting

In September 2006, it moved from Paradise Place to a purpose-built state-of-the-art facility at Millennium Point in the city's Eastside area.

Birmingham Street Commissioners

The 1773 Act gave powers for the widening of Moor Street, Smallbrook Street, New Street and parts of Colmore Row (previously called Ann street).

Birmingham Triennial Music Festival

Originally hosted in St Philip's Church (later to become the Cathedral) or the Theatre Royale on New Street the available venues became too small for the festival.

Birney Imes

Some of his work is exhibited in the permanent collection of the Mississippi Museum of Art in Jackson, Mississippi, the Birmingham Museum of Art in Birmingham, Alabama and the Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.

Bobby Riggs

In the 1946 tour against Budge, Riggs won 24 matches and lost 22, plus 1 match tied at Birmingham, Alabama establishing himself as the best player in the world (source : American Lawn Tennis July 15, 1946, page 34).

Bordesley railway station

The station still carries the painted lettering "BR(W) Bordesley Cattle Station", and "Bordesley Cattle Station GWR" from the time when, as part of the Great Western Railway and later British Rail's (Western) region, it was used to bring cattle from the countryside to the Bull Ring markets.

Bradley Garmston

He was educated at The Cathedral school Lichfield and King Edward's School, Birmingham.

Brewers Investment Corporation

Its registered offices were at Nos.3-4, County Chambers, Corporation Street, Birmingham.

Brian Webber

Brian Webber (December 19, 1967) is an American actor from Birmingham, Alabama.

Bridge Day

In 1983, Michael Glenn Williams from Birmingham, Alabama, drowned when his gear was caught in the current after he made a successful jump.

Carding

In 1748 Lewis Paul of Birmingham, England invented the hand driven carding machine.

Centenary Square tram stop

Network West Midlands have issued a plan of route showing this as their stop on Broad Street, a major thoroughfare of the city.

City region

The New Local Government Network proposed the creation of city regions as part of on-going reform efforts, while a report released by the IPPR's Centre for Cities proposed the creation of four large city-regions based on Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Greater Manchester.

Constance Bache

Bache was born in Edgbaston, the daughter of Samuel Bache (1804-1876), a Unitarian minister at the Church of the Messiah, Birmingham; an uncle on her mother's side was James Martineau.

Corfe Castle railway station

This locomotive was in use until 1955, and then displayed in the now defunct Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry until 2000.

Corrupt practices

One of the most high-profile cases of corrupt practices in recent years was that of the local government elections in the Bordesley Green and Aston wards of Birmingham in June 2004.

Cross Country services

South West - Birmingham - the North West (CrossCountry): Penzance — Birmingham — Glasgow direct (ceased after the change of CrossCountry franchise in 2007)

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Penzance and for main summer holiday days other resorts of Cornwall — Birmingham — Sheffield — Leeds — Newcastle upon Tyne — Edinburgh — Aberdeen.

CSS Industries

City Stores started in 1923 with the acquisition of three department stores: B. Lowenstein, Inc., of Memphis, Tennessee; Maison Blanche Co., of New Orleans, Louisiana; and Loveman, Joseph & Loeb, of Birmingham, Alabama.

D. W. Sargent

Daniel Wycliffe Sargent (b. July 22, 1850, Birmingham, England. Died October 12, 1902, in Nigeria) was an early explorer of Africa, Agent General of the British Government who signed treaties with many African chiefs which allowed the British to establish the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.

Daniel Alarcón

Alarcón, a native of Peru, was raised, from the age of 3, in Birmingham, Alabama, U.S., and is an alumnus of Indian Springs School.

Danny Driver

He made his Wigmore Hall recital later that year, and has since appeared at Southbank Centre, Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, the Royal Albert Hall, and Symphony Hall, Birmingham.

Deborah Chase Hopkins

She graduated from Birmingham Seaholm High School in Birmingham, Michigan, and attended Michigan State University for two years before returning home due to financial difficultiesand receiving a BS in Accounting from Walsh College in 1977;.

DeDee Nathan

LeShundra "DeDee" Nathan (born April 20, 1968 in Birmingham, Alabama) is a retired heptathlete from the United States, who won the gold medal at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba.

Delcam

The company was renamed Delcam International in 1991 and moved to a new purpose built office in Small Heath.

DIY Week

Originally launched by a Birmingham hardware wholesaler as Martineau & Smith's Monthly Circular, the magazine was very soon renamed Hardware Trade Journal, and changed from monthly to weekly publication in 1900.

Dottie Peoples

On July 28, 2008, Peoples performed a free concert at the East Birmingham Church of God in Christ.

Dry plate

The lack of success for the above was not that it did not work, or that it was complicated, but because at the time, transportation — especially timely transportation — was complicated; by the time a plate from Birmingham in England reached New York in the USA it could be best used as window pane.

Edmund Street

Edmund Street is one of a series of roads on the old Colmore Estate which originally stretched from Temple Row in the city centre, around St Phillip's Cathedral, to the northern end of Newhall Street.

First Midland Red

Based in Worcester, Midland Red West's main areas of operation were Worcestershire, Herefordshire, parts of Shropshire and parts of the West Midlands conurbation, including Birmingham.

Frisco 4003

4003 was retired in early 1952, shortly before the last steam powered train on the Frisco, between Birmingham and Bessemer, Alabama in February.

George Linnaeus Banks

George was born in Birmingham, the son of a seedsman familiar with the plant nomenclature of Linnaeus.

Gerald A. Lewis

Born in 1934 in Birmingham, Alabama to Bernard and Molly Lewis, Gerald Lewis was educated in Birmingham schools before attending Harvard College and graduating with an A.B. degree in 1955.

Greenwood Academy

Greenwood Academy, Birmingham, a secondary school in Birmingham, West Midlands, England

Haitian gourde

In 1863, bronze coins, produced by the Heaton mint of Birmingham, were issued.

Halesowen News

It has been in circulation since February 1985 and as well as residents of Halesowen, it is also posted to the homes of readers living in surrounding communities including Quinton, Rowley Regis, Blackheath, Cradley Heath, Old Hill and Cradley.

Handsworth Riots – Twenty Summers On

Handsworth Riots – Twenty Summers On is the name of an exhibition of photographs taken by Birmingham film maker and photographer Pogus Caesar during and in the wake of the Handsworth Riots, 9–11 September 1985.

Hospital Corporation of America

In April 1998, Birmingham, Alabama-based HealthSouth Corporation announced it was acquiring the majority of HCA's surgical division.

Jack Cotton

In 1937, he built King Edward House on the site of his old school, which was rebuilt in Edgbaston close to the University of Birmingham.

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Jack Cotton (1 January 1903, Birmingham - 21 March 1964, Nassau) was a British property developer.

James Zwerg

The group traveled by bus to Birmingham, where Zwerg was first arrested for not moving to the back of the bus with his black seating companion.

Jim Yardley

From 1990 to 1997, Yardley was a national desk reporter for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, based in Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans.

John Henry Chamberlain

Chamberlain became the unofficial domestic architect to Birmingham's civic leaders, designing a string of prestigious houses in upmarket districts of South Birmingham including Highbury Hall – the home of Joseph Chamberlain himself, and now the official residence of Birmingham's Lord Mayor.

Jurys Inn Birmingham

Built using concrete cladding and steel joists, this building was part of the plan to redevelop Birmingham in the 1960s.

K. Lee Scott

Lee Scott (born 1950 in Valley, Alabama) is an internationally known teacher, musician, conductor and composer of sacred music, choral music and hymns, residing in Birmingham, Alabama.

Kieron Quirke

Quirke was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and the Junior Royal Academy of Music where he won the Dame Ruth Railton Prize in 1997.

Lee Price

Price attended the Shades Valley High School in Birmingham, Alabama, and earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Alabama in Birmingham.

Leonard Lord

On 26 March 1962 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lambury, of Northfield in the County of Warwick.

Lodge Hill

Lodge Hill Cemetery, Birmingham, a cemetery and crematorium in Selly Oak, Birmingham, England

London Midland Region of British Railways

In the 1960s, the West Coast Main Line was electrified between London Euston and Crewe, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham.

Mai Martinez

Martinez began her broadcasting career as a video editor at WBRC-TV in Birmingham, Alabama, where she worked from 1997 until 2003.

Mark Kimbrell

Mark Kimbrell is an American guitarist based in Birmingham, Alabama.

Michael Staniforth

Michael Staniforth (15 December 1942 – 31 July 1987), born in Selly Oak, Birmingham, was a British stage actor.

Middelaldercentret

A historical reenactment society from King Edward's School, Birmingham have visited the museum several times as a part of their education.

Mike Mordecai

Michael Howard Mordecai (born December 13, 1967 in Birmingham, Alabama) is a right-handed hitting/throwing infielder in Major League Baseball who most recently played for the Florida Marlins.

Mikel Herzog

At the contest, held in Birmingham on 9 May, "¿Qué voy a hacer sin ti?" finished in 16th place of 25 entries.

Moorish Delta 7

Moorish Delta 7 (also known as MD7) are a hip hop/UK garage outfit from the Newtown area of Birmingham, England.

Motion Industries

, headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, is the nation's largest distributor of industrial parts.

Natasha Hunt

Hunt is a qualified teacher and previously trained at King Edward's School Birmingham,in PE, before teaching at Sir Graham Balfour School in Stafford, also as a PE teacher.

New Technology Institute

The New Technology Institute, Birmingham (abbreviated to NTI Birmingham) is a building, training centre and media studio located in the Learning and Leisure Zone of the Eastside of Birmingham, England.

New Vision Television

On August 1, 2006, New Vision announced an agreement to acquire CBS affiliates WIAT in Birmingham, Alabama and KIMT in Mason City, Iowa from Media General for $35 million.

Oregrounds iron

In Britain, the iron was known by these 'marks', and the quality of each brand was well-known to the buyers in London, Sheffield, Birmingham and elsewhere.

Park Hall Nature Reserve

Park Hall is a Wildlife Trust nature reserve in Birmingham England.

Pato Banton

The album Universal Love featured a song covered by Banton called "United We Stand", which was written by fellow Birmingham musician Ray Watts, of the group Beshara.

Patricia Leonard

Leonard returned to singing in concerts and oratorios, at venues such as Royal Albert Hall, Royal Festival Hall, the Barbican Arts Centre, Symphony Hall, Birmingham, and St. David's Hall in Cardiff, Wales.

Paul Moon James

James was also a poet, and lawyer, who also served for a time as magistrate of Worcestershire and later as High Bailiff of Birmingham, England.

Philip Bradbourn

Philip Bradbourn also came under fire in 2008 when it was discovered that the website of the West Midlands Conservative MEPs showed a photo of Birmingham, Alabama instead of Birmingham, England.

Public Catalogue Foundation

Oil paintings in public ownership in Birmingham,The Public Catalogue Foundation, Andrew Ellis, Sonia Roe, 2008, ISBN 9781904931386

Public Library and Baths, Balsall Heath

Since their formation various community events and fundraisers have been held, including the Centenary celebration on 30 October 2007 which was attended by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and swimmers past and present.

Rebel Love

The picture was shot on locations in Birmingham and Bessemer, Alabama during the summer of 1983, with many scenes filmed at the Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park.

Robert Lee Minor

Minor was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and made his first television appearance in 1973 on the television program, Search, then appeared in tons of shows such as: Barnaby Jones, McCloud, The Six Million Dollar Man, Eight is Enough, and Starsky and Hutch among other popular television programs.

Saracen's Head

The Saracen's Head is the name formerly given to a group of late medieval buildings in Kings Norton, Birmingham.

Shifnal

The railway line from London and Birmingham to Holyhead was constructed through Shifnal at high-level in the late 1840s.

SLSF 1522

1994: 1522 was one of the locomotives to participate in the 1994 NRHS annual convention in Atlanta, Georgia and did a double-header with Norfolk and Western 611 from Birmingham, Alabama to Atlanta on its way to the convention.

Smalbroke family

He was instrumental in the foundation of King Edwards School in New Street.

Sue Ellen Brown

Sue Ellen Brown (born 1954) is an artist living in Birmingham, Alabama.

T. J. Lang

Lang attended Lakeland High School in White Lake, Michigan before transferring to Brother Rice High School in Birmingham, Michigan.

Tara Gray

She is also a former beauty queen originally from Birmingham, Alabama who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants.

Taylor Hollingsworth

Taylor Hollingsworth is a singer/songwriter and guitarist from Birmingham, Alabama.

The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel was a vegetarian hotel that opened in 1898 in the County Buildings (now Grade II* listed), Corporation Street, Birmingham, England, as an expansion of a vegetarian restaurant on the same site.

Tim Franks

He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and at Wadham College, Oxford University where he graduated with a 2:1 (B.A.Hons) in Oriental Studies (Chinese).

Totally Jodie Marsh

Totally Jodie Marsh: Who'll Take Her Up the Aisle? was a British reality television show, which saw glamour model Jodie Marsh audition a potential husband in London, Edinburgh, Sheffield, Birmingham, Cardiff and Bournemouth.

Trocadero, Birmingham

The Trocadero, 17 Temple Street, Birmingham, England, currently a pub, is a dazzling demonstration of the use of coloured glazed tile and terracotta in the post-Victorian era of architecture.

Vann McElroy

Vann William McElroy (born 13 January 1960 in Birmingham, Alabama), is a former professional American football player who was selected by the Los Angeles Raiders in the third round of the 1982 NFL Draft.

Victoria Square, Birmingham

Part of the square was once occupied by Christ Church (built 1805–13), but the church was demolished in 1899.

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It is a short walk from St. Philip's Cathedral on Colmore Row and is on the main pedestrian route between the Bull Ring and Brindleyplace areas.

W. H. Denny

Denny was born William Henry Leigh Dugmore at Balsall Heath, Birmingham, England.

W49AY

W49AY, known on-air as WAY-TV, is a low-powered religious station based and licensed in Birmingham, Alabama, owned and operated by the Glen Iris Baptist Church, who also owns WGIB radio.

Warstone Lane Cemetery

It is one of two cemeteries located in the city's Jewellery Quarter, in Hockley (the other being Key Hill Cemetery).

William Barleycorn

He was the son of Napoleon Barleycorn, also a Primitive Methodist missionary in Fernando Po, who sent his sons to be educated at Bourne College in Quinton, England.

William Walter Peele

William Walter Peele was elected a bishop of the M.E. Church, S. at the 1938 General Conference meeting in Birmingham, Alabama, one of eight bishops elected at that final General Conference of this denomination.


1844 Victoria One Penny Model

The 1844 Victoria One Penny Model was a model coin issued by Birmingham medallist Joseph Moore (1817–1892) between 1844 and 1848, during a period in which the British Government were considering the notion of replacing the heavy copper coinage then in use.

1978–79 Birmingham City F.C. season

Jim Smith, in his first full season as Birmingham's manager, brought Argentina's World Cup-winning full-back Alberto Tarantini to the club.

1992–93 ECHL season

The Winston-Salem Thunderbirds move to Wheeling, WV, becoming the first franchise to make a major relocation, the Roanoke Valley Rebels announced that they were changing their name to the Roanoke Valley Rampage, and the Cincinnati Cyclones announced that they were moving to the International Hockey League and were being replaced with a franchise in Birmingham, AL.

1998–99 S.S. Lazio season

Lazio's best moment of the 1998-99 season came when they beat Mallorca 2-1 at Villa Park in Birmingham in the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final, following goals by Vieri and Pavel Nedvěd.

AmSouth Bancorporation

AmSouth was previously known as First National Bank of Birmingham, which was first organized by Charles Linn in 1872.

Benjamin Hall Kennedy

He was born at Summer Hill, near Birmingham, the eldest son of Rann Kennedy (1772–1851), of a branch of the Ayrshire family which had settled in Staffordshire.

Bob Brettle

A silver belt, given to him by his patrons to honour his achievements, and made in Birmingham, was featured on the television programme Antiques Roadshow, while in the possession of one of his descendants.

Bülent Şenver

He has been through various trainings in the fields of independent auditing, managerial skills and banking in London, Birmingham, Chicago, Houston, Washington D.C., Paris, Brussels and Geneva.

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

McWhorter grew up in Birmingham, Alabama, and recounts being about the same age as the girls killed in the September 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church, though she "was growing up on the wrong side of the revolution".

Centre for International Education and Research

Early international influences in Birmingham include Elihu Burritt, a US Consul sent by Abraham Lincoln, who lived in Harborne just north of the present Birmingham University campus.

Charles Talbut Onions

On completion of the OED, the universities of Oxford, Leeds, and Birmingham conferred honorary degrees upon him.

Chief Blue Horse

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was part of the celebration during the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in England, and toured through Birmingham, Salford, and London for five months.

Coleg Harlech

The other long-term, mature students colleges in the UK are Ruskin College at Oxford; Northern College at Barnsley; Hillcroft College in Surbiton; Fircroft College at Birmingham; and Newbattle Abbey College in Midlothian, Scotland.

Days of May

In 1819 a crowd of 15,000 had gathered at Newhall Hill in Birmingham to symbolically elect Charles Wolsley as the town's "Legislatorial Attorney and Representative" in Westminster; when Manchester followed Birmingham's lead two months later troops opened fire and killed 15 in the event that became known as the Peterloo Massacre.

Don Charlwood

Here the course was split, with Charlwood and half of them posted to No. 3 Advanced Flying Unit, Bobbington, between the Severn Valley and Birmingham.

Duston

British Timken was established in Chester Road, Aston, Birmingham in 1937 manufacturing tapered roller, parallel roller and ball bearings.

Frances Swiney

She studied under James Danby, son of Francis Danby, R.A., and specialised in pictures of Indian scenery and life, exhibiting at Simla, Madras, and Birmingham, England.

Frederick Rolfe

In 1887 he was sponsored to train at St Mary's College, Oscott near Birmingham and in 1889 was a student at the Scots College in Rome, but was thrown out by both due to his inability to concentrate on priestly studies and his erratic behaviour.

Gordon Warwick

His specialisms were limestone and semi-arid climate processes, and he was a contributor to books such British Caving with Cecil Cullingford, A Dictionary of Geographical Terms with Sir L. Dudley Stamp and to the Guide to Birmingham and its Region of Prof Michael Wise.

Jacques Secrétin

He won a gold medal in the mixed double event of the World Table Tennis Championships in 1977 at Birmingham.

Jamie Shepherd

During his degree at Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Jamie was freelancing at Dee 106.3 in Chester, Brmb in Birmingham, Heart 100.7 in Birmingham and Heart Radio in North Wales and Cheshire.

John Brekell

Joshua Toulmin prints a letter (dated Liverpool, 3 Dec. 1730) from Brekell to Rev. Thomas Pickard of Birmingham, showing that Brekell had been asked to Birmingham, but had 'handsome encouragement to continue' where he was.

Kathleen Dayus

She was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree by University of Birmingham in 1992 in recognition of her contribution to the written record of Birmingham's history.

Larry Taunton

Larry Alex Taunton (born, May 24, 1967) is an American author, columnist, radio talk show host, and cultural commentator based out of Birmingham, Alabama who serves as the Executive Director of Fixed Point Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to the public defense of the Christian faith.

Little Kimble railway station

The G8 Summit was held in Birmingham that year and the wives of the G8 countries' leaders, including Cherie Blair and Hillary Clinton, were taken to Chequers via the Royal Train and Little Kimble, whiuch is the nearest station to Chequers.

Loveman's

Loveman's of Alabama, a Birmingham, Alabama-based chain of department stores with locations across Alabama

Malcolm Boyden

Boyden has become a pantomime regular making his debut in 1997 when he played alongside Frank Bruno and Karl Howman in Goldilocks and the Three Bears at Birmingham’s Hippodrome Theatre.

Milan Matulović

Other first place finishes during this period, either shared or outright, included Netanya 1961, Vršac 1964, Novi Sad 1965, Belgrade 1965, Reggio Emilia 1967/68, Athens Zonal 1969, Belgrade 1969, Sarajevo 1971, Birmingham 1975, Bajmok 1975 (and in 1978), Majdanpek 1976, Vrbas 1976, Belgrade 1977 and Odzaci 1978.

Moon Base One

The 'patient' will be Tony Hale, from Aston near Birmingham (who goes on to feature in the rest of the series).

Patel Taylor

Most recently the newly completed Eastside City Park was awarded 4 RIBA awards – a National award, West Midlands award, Building of the Year award and Client of the year for Birmingham City Council.

Phil Bayton

Joining the Thornhill Cycling Club in Birmingham he won a handicap race at Hirwaun in South Wales as a 16 year old junior and a year later was part of the GB Olympic squad under Norman Sheil.

Richard Tomkins

Richard Tomkins attended King Edward's School in Birmingham.

Robert Collyer

In 1883, when he visited Birmingham in England, he engaged Marie Bethell Beauclerc to report and edit his sermons and prayers which were published during the same year.

Robin Corbett, Baron Corbett of Castle Vale

Siôn Simon replaced him as Labour Member of Parliament for Birmingham Erdington.

Sadie Lloyd

Pam was revealed to be living in Birmingham, having been paroled a year earlier, working as a maid.

Terry Francona

As manager of the AA franchise Birmingham Barons from 1993–1995, he posted a 223-203 record and won two distinctions: Southern League Manager of the Year in 1993, Baseball America's Minor League Manager of the Year in 1993, and top managerial candidate by Baseball America in 1994, the same year Michael Jordan played for Birmingham.

Tiger Smith

Originally an employee with the Cadbury confectionery firm in Birmingham, he was first engaged by Warwickshire as a professional in 1904 but played only irregularly for over half a decade owing to the presence of Lilley behind the stumps.

Tyseley railway station

It is situated at the junction of the lines from Birmingham towards Leamington Spa and Stratford-upon-Avon, and is adjacent to a large railway depot and Tyseley Locomotive Works.

Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London

In the Midlands, there was a Ukrainian Catholic priest celebrating Ukrainian-rite services for the Ukrainian faithful in Coventry, as well as in Rugby, Gloucester, Bristol, Birmingham and Cheltenham.

University House, University of Birmingham

It is located in beautiful grounds in the conservation area of Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Western Region of British Railways

The Region consisted principally of ex-Great Western Railway lines, minus certain lines west of Birmingham, which were transferred to the London Midland Region in 1963 and with the addition of all former Southern Railway routes west of Exeter, which were subsequently rationalised.