X-Nico

91 unusual facts about Napoleon


Aachen Rathaus

Since the end of the Imperial City era and the Napoleonic occupation of the area, the structural condition of the City Hall was greatly neglected, so that the building was seen to be falling apart by 1840.

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A portrait of Napoleon from 1807 (produced by Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet) and one of his wife Joséphine from 1805 (made by Robert Lefèvre) are viewable as part of the tour.

Art repatriation

The scale of plundering that took place under Napoleon's French Empire was unprecedented in modern history with the only comparable looting expeditions taking place in ancient Roman history.

Auguste Comte

(3) In the Scientific stage, which came into being after the failure of the revolution and of Napoleon, people could find solutions to social problems and bring them into force despite the proclamations of human rights or prophecy of the will of God. Science started to answer questions in full stretch.

Baltimore, County Cork

It is believed that Napoleon obtained his famous white mare Intendant from the area.

Barat Shakinskaya

The part of Kostya played by her at the Ganja Theatre and also Napoleon's part played in Baku, in 1934 were particularly noteworthy.

Bauska

In 1711 an outbreak of plague ravaged Bauska, exterminating half of the population, and war returned once more in 1812, when Bauska became one of Napoleon's army's transit point en route to Moscow.

Bellevue Plantation

It was purchased in 1854 after Catherine's husband Prince Achille Murat (son of Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and King of Naples from 1808-1815) died in 1847.

Brigadier Gerard

Gerard is sent by Napoleon with an important message, via enemy territory, and only narrowly avoids capture by marauding Russian and Prussian troops.

Capel Lofft

A strong supporter of Napoleon, he wrote numerous letters to the press (Morning Chronicle 31st of july and 10th of august 1815) opposing the Government's decision to send Napoleon to St Helena and himself attempted to serve a writ of habeas corpus while Napoleon was held on board a ship in Plymouth.

Chambertin

The Chambertin wines were one of Napoleon's favorites and it is said that he insisted that they be available to him even during his various military campaigns.

Charles Caleb Colton

In 1822, Colton re-published a previous work on Napoleon, with extensive additions, under the title of The Conflagration of Moscow. In Paris he printed An Ode on the Death of Lord Byron for private circulation and continued to write.

Charles Dugua

He was present during Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt.

Classical cipher

Many classical ciphers were used by well-respected people, such as Julius Caesar and Napoleon, who created their own ciphers which were then popularly used.

Claude Auguste Court

He left France in 1818 for Baghdad and joined the Persian forces which were trained at Kermanshah by a handful of ex-officers of Napoleon's army including Jean-Baptiste Ventura.

Craighead County, Arkansas

Napoleon, having realized that his plans could not come to fruition, offered to sell the United States the entire territory of Louisiana, including Craighead County, for $23,213,568.

Daniel Lessmann

His studies were put on hold in 1813 when he joined the volunteers against Napoleon.

Deshaies

The 19th century Napoleonean era was not good for Deshaies because it was the zone in which a Caribbean empire developed.

Düsseldorf-Wersten

After Napoleon reordered the West of the German-Roman Empire, Wersten got part of the Mairie Benrath, in the Canton Richrath, Arrondissement Düsseldorf.

Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord

He could not rise in France, since Napoleon had banned all French heiresses from marrying outside the French nobility and since Talleyrand had fallen from favour in 1807 after his resignation as Foreign Minister.

Edward Stack

Proceeding on leave of absence to France he was arrested at the declaration of war and confined to the fortress at Biche but advanced to Brigadier General whilst in captivity 1803, detected in 1804 executing secret service work for the British government, sentenced to be shot together with Duc d'Enghien, but reprieved at the last moment by the Emperor Napoleon.

Ethirum Pudhirum

Edhirum Pudhirum எதிரும் புதிரும் is a Tamil movie starring Mammootty, Sangeetha, Napoleon, Manorama and Simran Bagga directed by Dharani under his real name V.C. Ramani.

Flying Hawk

Flying Hawk appealed to his interpreter to make it clear that the treaty with Napoleon was broken at the time that his country was purchased, and that the whites had, from the beginning of relations with their tribe, ignored and wholly repudiated their first and principle obligation toward the Sioux.

Fontaine des Innocents

In 1858, during the Second French Empire of Louis Napoleon, the fountain was moved one more time to its present location on a more modest pedestal in the middle of the square; and six basins of pouring water, one above the other, were added on each facade.

Francisco Espoz y Mina

When Napoleon endeavoured to seize Spain in that year he enlisted in the Doyle regiment, and then entered the guerrilla group commanded by his nephew Francisco Javier Mina.

Frédéric Bey

He is also the organizer of the Trophée du Bicentenaire (Bicentennial Trophy), an annual international competition for wargaming whose objective is to commemorate the bicentennial of great victories of Napoleon.

George Alexander Pyke, Lord Tilbury

His similarity to Napoleon, both in physique and character, is often remarked upon.

Glengarriff

Offering a broad view of the surrounding area, the round Martello tower on the island was built to guard against a threatened Napoleonic invasion that never materialized.

Hearsay in United States law

#Declarations of present state of mind: Much like a present-sense impression describes the outside world, declarant's statement to the effect of "I am angry!" or "I am Napoleon!" will be admissible to prove that the declarant was indeed angry, or did indeed believe himself to be Napoleon at that time.

Henry Hill Hickman

Despite the support of Napoleon's field surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, who had noticed that wounded soldiers felt no pain when numbed by cold, Hickman met a similar response in France to that he had received in England.

Hispanicisms in English

Some words have special historical significance, such as "guerrilla" (the word used by Napoleon's forces to describe the way the Spanish fought in the Peninsular War), or the term "fifth column" which as quinta columna was used by a Spanish Civil War general to label his covert supporters in Madrid as he laid siege to it.

Icklesham

Strategically located on the River Brede, it was a prime target in the Norman invasion of 1066 (some 700 years later, evacuation plans were prepared in case of an invasion by Napoleon).

Iecava

It was the scene of a victory over Russian forces by Prussian troops fighting for Napoleon during his invasion of Russian Empire and was also the scene of fighting during the Second World War German retreat from the Soviet Union.

Ignacio Jordán Claudio de Asso y del Río

During the first and second sieges of Zaragoza, he served as legal advisor to José Rebolledo de Palafox, 1st Duke of Saragossa, and assisted the Spanish resistance against Napoleon by contributing journalistic pieces to the Gazeta extraordinaria de Zaragoza.

Imperial and Royal Majesty

Napoleon I was also styled Imperial and Royal Majesty between 1805 and 1814 as Emperor of the French and King of Italy.

James Duff, 4th Earl Fife

Thereupon Duff sought distraction in 1808 by volunteering to join the Spaniards in their war against Napoleon.

Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki

At the Battle of Leipzig he greatly distinguished himself and at Arcis-sur-Aube, in 1814, saved Napoleon from the sudden onslaught of the enemy by sheltering him in the midst of his battalion.

Jane Loftus, Marchioness of Ely

Jane represented Queen Victoria at the birth of Empress Eugénie's son, Napoléon, Prince Imperial.

Janko Ravnik

In 1929, Ravnik filmed a great national ceremony in Ljubljana on the 120th anniversary of the establishment of Illyrian Provinces, during which a monument was erected to Napoleon and Illyria at French Revolution Square.

Jean-Baptiste Rey

In 1803, both Le Sueur and Rey were called by Napoleon to join his chapel: Le Sueur replaced Paisiello as director, while Rey was named first conductor, with Persuis as his assistant.

Jean-Louis Michel

Jean-Louis served as a soldier in the French army under Napoleon.

José Canga-Argüelles

He took an active part in the Spanish resistance to Napoleon in a civil capacity and was an energetic member of the cortes of 1812.

José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca

When Napoleon marched against Spain in 1808, there was a public outcry for Floridablanca to lead the country in resistance.

José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage

In 1860 he succeeded in getting back some collections which were removed from the Museum during the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal, by the French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844), which included precious specimens collected by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1756–1815) in Brazil.

Katman

Katman also performs crude and improvisational theatrical shows on the show's stage in which he impersonates various fictional and historical figures, from Hamlet to Napoleon.

La Bourse

Balzac also portrays in this short novel a social category to which he often returns in La Comédie humaine: the forgotten victims of Napoleon.

Liga Federal

On May 13, 1810, the arrival of a British frigate in Montevideo confirmed the rumors circulating in Buenos Aires: France, led by Emperor Napoleon, had invaded Spain, capturing and overthrowing Ferdinand VII Bourbon, the Spanish King.

Lord Hornblower

When Napoleon escapes from Elba and raises a new army, Hornblower, the Comte and Marie lead a guerrilla fight against the Imperial forces.

Louis Didier Jousselin

Hamburg was only surrendered when orders came from the French King following the fall of Napoleon.

Mariano Álvarez de Castro

In December 1823 French troops, ironically invading Spain in order to restore the tottering throne of Ferdinand VII, passed through Figueres, and on the orders of Marshal Moncey, formerly Napoleon's Inspector-General of Police, destroyed the plaque.

Marmaris

Lord Nelson and his entire fleet sheltered in the harbour of Marmaris in 1798, en route to Egypt to defeat Napoleon's armada during the Mediterranean campaign.

Military of Austria-Hungary

Austria was prominent in the coalitions that tried to contain Napoleon but was defeated in 1800, again in 1805 when Napoleon occupied Vienna after the Battle of Austerlitz, and finally after the Battle of Wagram in 1809.

Napoléon-Joseph Perché

In 1879 the Holy See appointed Bishop Francis Xavier Leray of Natchitoches as Coadjutor Archbishop and Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese, giving him full control over it.

Napoleon, Arkansas

Following one such ambush in 1863, a Federal gunship led by William Tecumseh Sherman landed at Wellington and burned the town.

Napoleon's Campaigns in Miniature

It is based upon war gaming in the Napoleonic era, and provides information on History, Weapons, Painting, and also its own set of rules.

Napoleon's Death Mask

In 1894, Bryan donated this mask to his alma mater, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom

Building on planning for mooted invasions under France's ancien régime in 1744, 1759 and 1779, preparations began again in earnest soon after the outbreak of war in 1803, and were finally called off in 1805.

Napoleon's problem

Napoleon was known to be an amateur mathematician but it is not known if he either created or solved the problem.

Napoleon's theorem

In mathematics, Napoleon's theorem states that if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward, or all inward, the centres of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.

Natalie D-Napoleon

In the live arena, D-Napoleon has shared billings with the likes of Morphine, Ken Stringfellow, Jack Frost (featuring Steve Kilbey and Grant McLennan), The Stems, John Butler, Ash Grunwald, Dan Kelly, Whitley, Nic Dalton, Todd Snider, John Doe, Mark Olson, Victoria Williams and Vic Chesnutt.

Negotin

However, these great days were short lived: In 1813, after Napoleon had successfully taken Russia and Austria out of the game and therefore helping Serbia, the Turks crushed the ill-fated state of the Serbs.

Noli me tangere Casket

At the beginning of the nineteenth century Aachen and the Rheinland were under French occupation and in 1804 Empress Joséphine, wife of Napoleon, visited Aachen.

O Sodales

The tune of the hymn is reputed to have been composed by seminarians fleeing before the armies of Napoleon in the early 19th century.

Ödön Beöthy

At the age of sixteen he served in the war against Napoleon, and was present at the great battle of Leipzig.

Palafoxia

This genus is named after José de Palafox y Melzi, Duke of Saragossa (1776–1847), a Spanish captain-general, in the war against the invading armies of Napoleon.

Pamyat

: "... Your Jewish entourage... have already made good use of you and don't need you anymore. You will share the destiny of Napoleon, Hitler, etc. who were Zionist-maintained dictators... The aim of international Zionism is to seize power worldwide. For this reason Zionists struggle against national and religious traditions of other nations, and for this purpose they devised the Freemasonic concept of cosmopolitanism."

Partitions of Luxembourg

Upon the defeat of Napoleon, under the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Luxembourg was liberated from French rule, but its final status was to be determined at the Congress of Vienna the following year.

Peace treaty

Famous examples include the Treaty of Paris (1815), signed after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, and the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War conflict between Germany and Autro-Hungary and the Western Allies.

Prince Frederick of the Netherlands

When Napoleon returned from Elba, during the Hundred Days the prince was given command of a detachment of Wellington's army which was posted in a fall back position near Braine should the battle taking place at Waterloo be lost.

Princess Caraboo

On 13 September 1817 a letter was printed in the Bristol Journal, allegedly from Sir Hudson Lowe, the official in charge of the exiled Emperor Napoleon on St. Helena.

Sandy McMahon

The later was derived from the French President Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, the descendant of an Irish soldier who had severed under Napoleon.

Seven Faces

Paul Muni as Papa Chibou as well as six (Don Juan, Napoleon, Franz Schubert, Joe Gans, Willie Smith and Diablero) of the seven wax figures.

Soufrière Quarter

The nearby plantation at Anse Mamin is reputed to be the birthplace of Napoleon's Empress Josephine de Beauharnais.

St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres

After the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, Ypres was incorporated into the diocese of Ghent, and Saint Martin's lost its status as a cathedral.

Stoodley Pike

The monument replaced an earlier structure, started in 1814 and commemorating the defeat of Napoleon and the surrender of Paris.

Sydney Harbour defences

In 1790 the Dawes Point Battery was meant to be the first line of defence against an attack by the Spanish Empire, Napoleon’s French troops in 1810, and the Russian Pacific Fleet in the 1850s (during the Crimean War).

The Adventure of the Six Napoleons

Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard brings Holmes a seemingly trivial problem about a man who shatters plaster busts of Napoleon.

The Exploding Detective

An army of robots led by Napoleon commit a series of robberies in the industrial district, stealing chemicals and other raw materials.

The Pearl of Death

After a third killing Holmes finds the common feature of each: a bust of Napoleon.

Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet

He filled it with his collections of art, books and relics of Napoleon.

Tin pest

The story is often told of Napoleon's men freezing in the bitter Russian winter, their clothes falling apart as tin pest ate the buttons.

Titles of Nobility Amendment

There is speculation that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland, who gave birth to a boy for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France.

Tomb of Absalom

According to a local legend, Napoleon fired a mortar at the tomb, and removed the shape of a hand that topped the conical roof.

Umar Makram

He was prominent in resistance to the 1798 invasion of Egypt by France (led by Napoleon).

Viennese Waltz

It was called the Marseillaise of the heart (Eduard Hanslick, a critic from Vienna in the past century) and was supposed to have saved Vienna the revolution (sentence of a biographer of the composer Johann Strauss I), while Strauss I himself was called the Napoleon Autrichien (Heinrich Laube, poet from the north of Germany).

Wellington, Western Cape

In 1840 the town of Wellington was proclaimed after the Duke who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.

William Hillary

Hillary's religious background did not meet with the approval of his wife's father, but Hillary still spent his wife’s inheritance (some £20,000) on creating England’s largest private army, put at the service of King George III against Napoleon’s threatened invasion.

William Vincent

A French version of Vincent's great work on ancient navigation was made under the sanction of Napoleon by M. Billecoq; and in Germany, where his works were well known, his scholarship was recognised by a degree from Göttingen in 1814.

Woodbine Parish

The son of Woodbine Parish, of Bawburgh Old Hall, Norfolk, a major in the Light Horse Volunteers, and educated at Eton College, he took up his first diplomatic post in 1814, becoming involved in events immediately following the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.

WTPS

WTPS-LP, a low-power radio station (94.1 FM) licensed to Napoleon, Ohio, United States

Zelienople, Pennsylvania

He was regarded as an intelligent man, and during the Napoleonic era represented Frankfurt as an ambassador to Paris.


Adam Albert von Neipperg

In August 1814, he was instructed to escort Napoleon's wife, the Empress Marie Louise, to Aix-les-Bains to take the waters.

Alberto della Marmora

After Napoleon's abdication Marmora gave his allegiance to the House of Savoy, the ruling house of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Alcide Segoni

In 1874, he completed a large canvas of Death of Filippo Strozzi, afterwards he painted a Michelangelo and Vittoria Colonna; Il Maresciallo d'Anere at the Court of the Regent Queen Maria; and Napoleon I awards a dragoon the Legion of Honor.

Allaman

The wealthy Genevan philanthropist Jean-Jacques de Sellon, who owned the property until 1839, gave accommodation at the castle to, amongst many others, such political refugees as Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte, Joséphine de Beauharnais, the Duke of Bassano, the Count Camille Cavour, Voltaire as well as to Franz Liszt and George Sand.

Allonsanfàn

Against the backdrop of the Bourbon Restoration, Lombard aristocrat Fulvio Imbriani, a former political extremist who once served under Napoleon, is finally released from an Austrian jail, after a lengthy sentence for his part in the secret Sublime Brotherhood.

André Castaigne

During a six-year period in France where he divided his time between a winter studio in Paris and a summer studio in Angoulême, he illustrated William Milligan Sloane's The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Richard Whiteing's Paris of To-Day and Bertha Runkle's The Helmet of Navarre.

Ankō Itosu

Remember the words attributed to the Duke of Wellington after he defeated Napoleon: "The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton."

Arthur Onslow, 3rd Earl of Onslow

He commissioned Delarouche to produce a more accurate version which featured Napoleon on a mule, entitled Bonaparte Crossing the Alps.

Bedřichovice

1 December 1805 – prior to the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805) the French emperor Napoleon I. is said to have spent a night in his carriage somewhere in the area adjacent to the village

Bernabé Aráoz

In this movement the local leaders rejected the authority of the Spanish government after Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king.

Chateaubriand steak

Chateaubriand steak, or just chateaubriand, is a recipe of a particular thick cut from the tenderloin (fillet), which, according to Larousse Gastronomique, was created by personal chef, Montmireil, for François-René de Chateaubriand and Sir Russell Retallick, the authors and diplomats who served Napoleon as an ambassador and Louis XVIII as Secretary of State for two years.

Europa Universalis IV

Historical monarchs represented in the game have varying MP pre-sets (successful ones, such as Napoleon have lots of points, while weaker rulers such as Henry VI tend to be less competent), but as you start the game, the succeeding leaders will have entirely randomized stats.

George Davenport

In the fall of 1803, shortly after arriving with a cargo from Liverpool, Davenport was arrested with the rest of his crew while in port at St. Petersburg when the Czarist Russian government acceded to Napoleon's embargo on British vessels (the "Continental System").

Grigory Shyshatsky

On 25 July 1812, the Marshal of France Louis-Nicolas Davout ordered Archbishop Varlaam to induce the population to swear an allegiance oath to Napoleon.

Hester Maria Elphinstone, Viscountess Keith

After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, Lord Keith retired from the Navy and the family lived mainly on their large estate at Tulliallan, where they had a magnificent castle constructed which is now the Scottish Police College.

Holy Trinity Church, Kingswood

It was one of the first churches built from funds voted by Parliament to mark Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, and hence known as a "Waterloo Church".

Hugh Alexander Kennedy

In the story "Some Reminiscences of the Life of Augustus Fitzsnob, Esq." (inspired by Thackeray's The Book of Snobs), Kennedy gave the score of a chess game said to be played by Napoleon and Count Bertrand.

Italian Campaign

Second Italian War of Independence, fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859

James Summers

The newspaper contained articles on Windsor Castle, Niagara Falls, the death of Napoleon, the Palace of Versailles, and news related to Britain along with advertisements.

Jean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet

He left Paris and was a captain in the 1813 Saxony campaign, assisting at the battles of Lützen and Bautzen (at the latter he was decorated personally by Napoleon).

Jørgen von Cappelen Knudtzon

They travelled around together in Europe, meeting Napoleon, Lord Byron and the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.

Kerby, Oregon

An act of the territorial legislature of December 18, 1856 changed the name from "Kirbeyville" to "Napoleon", possibly because of the association of Napoleon with the name Josephine.

Laurensberg

Being on the border between France and Germany, the area has seen numerous conflicts, such as during the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon.

Mademoiselle Montansier

Forced to leave the Palais-Royal by decree in 1806 (the neighbouring Comédiens-Français finding that she kept them in the shade) but still infatigable, she convinced Napoleon to authorise her to build a new theatre on the boulevard Montmartre, despite a decree limiting the number of theatres in Paris to just 8.

Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga

Sent as an ambassador to Pope Pius VII, he organised the Pope's trip to France for Napoleon's coronation as emperor.

Napoleon Community Schools

Napoleon Community Schools is a public school district located in Napoleon, Michigan, approximately 7 miles South East of Jackson, Michigan.

Napoleon's Campaigns in Miniature

Napoleon's Campaigns in Miniature:War Gamers' Guide to the Napoleonic Wars, 1796-1815 is a book written by Bruce Quarrie.

Out of Our Idiot

The album was credited to "Various Artists" rather than to Costello because the tracks were recorded and credited under a variety of names, including The Costello Show, Elvis Costello and the Attractions, Elvis Costello and the Confederates, the Coward Brothers, Napoleon Dynamite, The Emotional Toothpaste and The MacManus Gang, and with a variety of collaborators, including Jimmy Cliff, Nick Lowe and T-Bone Burnett.

Paul Broca

Pierre Paul Broca was born on June 28, 1824, in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Bordeaux, France, the son of Benjamin Broca, a medical practitioner and former surgeon in Napoleon’s service.

Pierre Claude Pajol

In 1809 he served on the Danube, and in the Russian War of 1812 led a division, and afterwards a corps, of cavalry.

Pont Royal

During the First French Empire (1804-1814), Napoléon I renamed the bridge the Pont des Tuileries, a name that was kept until the Restoration in 1814 when Louis XVIII gave back to the bridge its royal name.

Raul Hilberg

Hilberg was amazed by this highly educated, German-Jewish emigrant passing over the genocide of European Jews in order to expound on Napoleon and the occupation of Spain.

Ryan Napoleon

At the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games in Pune, India, Napoleon won gold in the 200 m freestyle, 4×100 m freestyle, 4×200 m freestyle, 4×100 m medley relays as well as silver in the 100 m freestyle.

Saitō Chikudō

He knew the history of Western countries and was using Noah, the history of Babylonia, Alexander the Great, Aristotle, Napoleon and George Washington as poem themes.

Siege of Magdeburg

Siege of Magdeburg (1813–1814), a siege of the German city by forces of the First French Empire during the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with Napoleon's abdication

St Mark's Clocktower

There was originally a statue of the Doge Agostino Barbarigo (Doge 1486-1501) kneeling before the lion, but in 1797, after the city had surrendered to Napoleon, this was removed by the French, who were purging the city of all symbols of the old regime.

Sten Forshufvud

Sten Forshufvud (1903-1985) was a Swedish dentist and physician, Napoleonican, and amateur toxicologist (expert on poisons) who formulated and supported the controversial theory that Napoleon was assassinated by a member of his entourage while in exile.

The Dynasts

The historical time period of Part Third covers Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 through his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis

Foscolo's work was also inspired by the political events that occurred in Northern Italy during the Napoleonic period, when the Treaty of Campoformio forced Foscolo to go into exile from Venice to Milan.

The Skipper's Dream

When this was coupled with the threat of invasion by Napoleon and the Roman Catholic French it caused even more concern and led to a sudden and alarming increase in the number of Orange Lodges.

Trajan's Column

In Napoleon's time, a similar column decorated with a spiral of relief sculpture was erected in the Place Vendôme in Paris to commemorate his victory at Austerlitz.

Vistula delta Mennonites

In the liberation wars of 1813, some young Mennonites were prepared to join the forces against Napoleon.

Wedding in Bessarabia

The director of the film is Napoleon Helmis (born in 1969, Topana); he graduated from the National Theater and Film's Art University in Bucharest in 1996, where he currently teaches film direction.